Fentanyl Use

Definition

Fentanyl is a powerful painkiller that belongs to a group of drugs called opioids. It is used in hospitals to treat severe pain, especially after surgery or for cancer. When fentanyl is used the right way under a doctor’s care, it can help people manage severe pain.

However, illicit fentanyl—which is made illegally and often mixed into street drugs — can be extremely dangerous. Even a tiny amount can cause a deadly overdose. Many people who use fentanyl recreationally do not know they are taking it, which adds to the risk.

Alternative names

Fentanyl abuse; Fentanyl addiction; Opioid use disorder; Fentanyl overdose; Illicit fentanyl; Synthetic opioid use

Symptoms

Fentanyl use affects the brain and body. It can make people feel relaxed, sleepy or very happy (a “high”). Some people may also experience dizziness or confusion. Short-term effects of fentanyl use may include:

• Euphoria (feeling very happy)
• Drowsiness or sleepiness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Slowed breathing
• Small (pinpoint) pupils

Signs of fentanyl overdose include:

• Blue lips or fingernails
• Cold or pale skin
• Gurgling or choking sounds
• Not waking up or responding
• Very slow or no breathing

An overdose of fentanyl pills can happen quickly, even with a small amount, and can be deadly without fast treatment.

Causes

Fentanyl use may begin with a legal prescription for pain, but dependence can develop quickly. Others may try fentanyl for its high or may use it without knowing, as it is often mixed with drugs like heroin, cocaine or fake prescription pills.

People are more likely to misuse fentanyl if they:

• Are dealing with untreated pain or mental health issues
• Buy pills or powders on the street
• Have a history of substance use disorder
• Use other opioids or drugs

Treatment

Fentanyl addiction is a serious medical condition, but treatment can help. It often includes:

• Counseling and therapy: Behavioral therapy helps people change how they think about drugs and learn healthy coping skills.
• Emergency care: If someone overdoses, naloxone (Narcan) can reverse the effects and save their life if given in time.
• Medication-assisted treatment (MAT): Medicines like buprenorphine, methadone or naltrexone can reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
• Support groups: Programs like Narcotics Anonymous or SMART Recovery can offer ongoing help and encouragement.

If someone is using fentanyl and wants help, they should talk to a doctor or substance use counselor. Treatment is most effective when combined with medical and emotional support.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Recovery from fentanyl use is possible. Many people who get help go on to live healthy, drug-free lives. Relapse can occur, but it is often a natural part of the recovery journey. With the proper support, people can manage opioid dependence and rebuild their lives.

Related specialties

• Emergency Medicine
• Addiction Medicine

This entry was written by Jennifer Cruz-Urbano, marketing specialist, and reviewed for accuracy by Rachel Waters, Manager Regional Business Development, and David Fields, Executive Director FRC. Generative AI was leveraged as part of the content creation process.