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Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Definition

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backward from the stomach into the esophagus (food pipe). Food travels from your mouth to the stomach through your esophagus. GERD can irritate the food pipe and cause heartburn and other symptoms.

Patient Education Video: Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Test Your GERD Knowledge

In gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), acid leaks out of your stomach into your food pipe.

Answer:

The correct answer is true. When you eat, food passes from your mouth through a tube (or food pipe) and into the stomach. Once food is in the stomach, a ring of muscle prevents food from moving backward. If this muscle doesn't close well, food and stomach acid can leak up into the food pipe.
Which is not a common symptom of GERD?

Answer:

The correct answer is diarrhea. GERD mainly affects the upper part of your digestive tract. This is the part of your body that food moves through. The most common symptoms are a burning pain in the chest or the feeling that food is stuck behind the breastbone. Talk with your doctor if you think you have signs of GERD.
Which medicines can make GERD worse?

Answer:

The correct answer is all of the above. If you suspect that one of your medicines may be causing heartburn, talk to your doctor. Never change or stop a medicine you take regularly without talking to your doctor.
GERD rarely occurs in children.

Answer:

The correct answer is false. GERD can occur at any age. In fact, more than half of babies will have some reflux during their first three months. Contact your infant's health care provider if your baby isn't gaining weight or has trouble breathing after spitting up.
If your GERD is mild, you may not need testing.

Answer:

The correct answer is true. Your doctor can use tests to check your esophagus (the tube that leads from your mouth to your stomach) for damage, but they may not be needed. If your symptoms are mild, your doctor may suggest diet changes and/or antacids.
Antacids are the only over-the-counter (OTC) medicines that help with GERD.

Answer:

The correct answer is false. Several OTC medicines can relieve GERD symptoms. H2 blockers (Pepcid, Zantac) lower the amount of acid released into the stomach. Proton-pump inhibitors (Prilosec, Prevacid) reduce how much acid the stomach makes. These medicines don't work as quickly as antacids, but the benefits last longer.
To prevent GERD symptoms at night:

Answer:

The correct answer is raise the head of your bed. Put blocks under the head of your bed or a wedge under your mattress to raise the head 4-6 inches. It also helps to avoid large evening meals and light-night snacks. Have dinner at least 2-3 hours before bedtime.
GERD symptoms may improve if you avoid:

Answer:

The correct answer is all of the above. These foods can trigger heartburn, but not everyone has the same reaction. Try to pinpoint and avoid the foods that cause problems for you.
You can prevent heartburn by exercising right after meals.

Answer:

The correct answer is false. People with GERD should exercise, but not right after eating. Physical activity, particularly bending or stooping, can trigger heartburn. Find another time to exercise -- it may help you lose weight and reduce stress, both of which can lead to fewer GERD symptoms.
You should call your doctor if you notice which if the following symptoms?

Answer:

The correct answer is all of the above. These are warning signs that GERD symptoms may be caused by something more serious. Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these symptoms.
Surgery can repair the leak between the stomach and esophagus.

Answer:

The correct answer is true. Some surgeries can tighten the connection between the stomach and the food pipe (esophagus). This helps keep food or acid from coming back up. Your doctor may suggest surgery if GERD causes serious problems, or if you want to stop taking medicine for GERD. Even with surgery, you may still need GERD medicines.

Alternative Names

Peptic esophagitis; Reflux esophagitis; GERD; Heartburn - chronic; Dyspepsia - GERD

Causes

When you eat, food passes from the throat to the stomach through the esophagus. A ring of muscle fibers in the lower esophagus prevents swallowed food from moving back up. These muscle fibers are called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).

When this ring of muscle does not close all the way, stomach contents can leak back into the esophagus. This is called reflux or gastroesophageal reflux. Reflux may cause symptoms. Harsh stomach acids can also damage the lining of the esophagus.

Digestive system
The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.

The risk factors for reflux include:

  • Use of alcohol (possibly)
  • Hiatal hernia (a condition in which part of the stomach moves above the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities)
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy
  • Scleroderma
  • Smoking or tobacco use
  • Lying down within 3 hours after eating

Heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux can be caused by or made worse by pregnancy. Symptoms can also be caused by certain medicines, such as:

  • Anticholinergics (for example, sea sickness medicine)
  • Beta-blockers for high blood pressure or heart disease
  • Bronchodilators for asthma or other lung diseases
  • Calcium channel blockers for high blood pressure
  • Dopamine-active drugs for Parkinson disease
  • Progestin for abnormal menstrual bleeding or birth control
  • Sedatives for insomnia or anxiety
  • Theophylline (for asthma or other lung diseases)
  • Tricyclic antidepressants

Talk to your health care provider if you think one of your medicines may be causing heartburn. Never change or stop taking a medicine without first talking to your provider.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of GERD include:

  • Feeling that food is stuck behind the breastbone
  • Heartburn or a burning pain in the chest
  • Nausea after eating

Less common symptoms are:

Symptoms may get worse when you bend over or lie down, or after you eat. Symptoms may also be worse at night.

Exams and Tests

You may not need any tests if your symptoms are mild.

If your symptoms are severe or they come back after you have been treated, your provider may recommend a test called an upper endoscopy (EGD).

  • This is a test to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine.
  • It is done with a small camera (flexible endoscope) that is inserted down the throat.

You may also be recommended to have one or more of the following tests:

  • A test that measures how often stomach acid enters the esophagus
  • A test to measure the pressure inside the lower part of the esophagus (esophageal manometry)

A positive stool occult blood test may diagnose bleeding that is coming from the irritation in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines.

Treatment

You can make many lifestyle changes to help treat your symptoms.

Other tips include:

  • If you are overweight or obese, in many cases, losing weight can help.
  • Raise the head of the bed if your symptoms get worse at night.
  • Have your dinner 2 to 3 hours before going to sleep.
  • Avoid drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn). Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) to relieve pain.
  • Take all of your medicines with plenty of water. When your provider gives you a new medicine, ask whether it will make your heartburn worse.

You may use over-the-counter antacids after meals and at bedtime, although the relief may not last very long. Common side effects of antacids include diarrhea or constipation.

Other over-the-counter and prescription medicines can treat GERD. They work more slowly than antacids, but give you longer relief. Your pharmacist, doctor, or nurse can tell you how to take these medicines.

  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) decrease the amount of acid produced in your stomach.
  • H2 blockers also lower the amount of acid released in the stomach.

Anti-reflux surgery may be an option for people whose symptoms do not go away with lifestyle changes and medicines. Heartburn and other symptoms should improve after surgery. But you may still need to take medicines for your heartburn.

There are also new therapies for reflux that can be performed through an endoscope (a flexible tube passed through the mouth into the stomach).

Outlook (Prognosis)

Most people respond to lifestyle changes and medicines. However, many people need to continue taking medicines to control their symptoms.

Possible Complications

Complications may include:

  • Worsening of asthma
  • A change in the lining of the esophagus that can increase the risk of cancer (Barrett esophagus)
  • Bronchospasm (irritation and spasm of the airways due to acid)
  • Long-term (chronic) cough or hoarseness
  • Dental problems
  • Ulcer in the esophagus
  • Stricture (a narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring from chronic irritation)

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if symptoms do not improve with lifestyle changes or medicine.

Also call if you have:

  • Bleeding
  • Choking (coughing, shortness of breath)
  • Feeling filled up quickly when eating
  • Frequent vomiting
  • Hoarseness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Trouble swallowing (dysphagia) or pain with swallowing (odynophagia)
  • Weight loss
  • Feeling like food or pills are sticking behind the breast bone

Prevention

Avoiding factors that cause heartburn may help prevent symptoms. Obesity is linked to GERD. Maintaining a healthy body weight may help prevent the condition.

Gallery

Digestive system
The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.
Digestive system
The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.
Digestive system
The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.

References

ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Muthusamy VR, Lightdale JR, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of GERD. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81(6):1305-1310. PMID: 25863867 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25863867/.

Falk GW, Katzka DA. Diseases of the esophagus. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 129.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Acid reflux (GER & GERD) in adults. www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults. Updated July 2020. Accessed February 6, 2023.

Richter JE, Vaezi MF. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 46.

Last reviewed January 30, 2023 by Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team..

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