Skip to main content
Update Location

My Location

Update your location to show providers, locations, and services closest to you.

Enter a zip code
Or
Select a campus/region
(352) 733-0111

Nocardia infection

Definition

Nocardia infection (nocardiosis) is a disorder that affects the lungs, brain, or skin. In otherwise healthy people, it may occur as a local infection. But in people with weakened immune systems, it may spread throughout the body.

Alternative Names

Nocardiosis

Causes

Nocardia infection is caused by a bacterium. It usually starts in the lungs. It may spread to other organs, most often the brain and the skin. It may also involve the kidneys, joints, heart, eyes, and bones.

Nocardia bacteria are found in soil around the world. You can get the disease by breathing in dust that has the bacteria. You can also get the disease if soil containing nocardia bacteria gets into an open wound.

You are more likely to get this infection if you have long-term (chronic) lung disease or a weakened immune system, which can occur with transplants, cancer, HIV/AIDS, and long-term use of steroids.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary and depend on the organs involved.

If in the lungs, symptoms may include:

  • Chest pain when breathing (may occur suddenly or slowly)
  • Coughing up blood
  • Fevers
  • Night sweats
  • Weight loss

If in the brain, symptoms may include:

  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Seizures
  • Coma

If the skin is affected, symptoms may include:

  • Skin breakdown and a draining tract (fistula)
  • Ulcers or nodules with infection sometimes spreading along lymph nodes

Some people with nocardia infection have no symptoms.

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will examine you and ask about your symptoms.

Nocardia infection is diagnosed using tests that identify the bacteria (Gram stain, modified acid-fast staining or culture). For example, for an infection in the lung, a sputum culture may be done.

Depending on the part of the body infected, testing may involve taking a tissue sample by:

Treatment

You will need to take antibiotics for 6 months to a year or longer. You may need more than one antibiotic.

Surgery may be done to drain pus that has collected in the skin or tissues (abscess).

Outlook (Prognosis)

How well you do depends on your overall health and the parts of the body involved. Infection that affects many areas of the body is hard to treat, and some people may not be able to recover.

Possible Complications

Complications of nocardia infections depend on how much of the body is involved.

  • Certain lung infections may lead to scarring and long-term (chronic) shortness of breath.
  • Skin infections may lead to scarring or disfigurement.
  • Brain abscesses may lead to loss of neurological function.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your provider if you have any symptoms of this infection. They are nonspecific symptoms that can have many other causes.

Gallery

Stomach
The stomach is the portion of the digestive system most responsible for breaking down food. The lower esophageal sphincter at the top of the stomach regulates food passing from the esophagus into the stomach, and prevents the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter at the bottom of the stomach governs the passage of food out of the stomach into the small intestine.

References

Chen SC-A, Watts MR, Maddocks S, Sorrell TC. Nocardia species. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 253.

Southwick FS. Nocardiosis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 314.

Last reviewed December 24, 2020 by Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team..

Related specialties