Definition

Hallucinations involve sensing things such as visions, sounds, or smells that seem real but are not. These things are created by the mind.

Alternative Names

Sensory hallucinations

Considerations

Common hallucinations can include:

• Feeling sensations in the body, such as a crawling feeling on the skin or the movement of internal organs.
• Hearing sounds, such as music, footsteps, windows or doors banging.
• Hearing voices when no one has spoken (the most common type of hallucination). These voices may be positive, negative, or neutral. They may command someone to do something that may cause harm to themselves or others.
• Seeing patterns, lights, beings, or objects that are not there.
• Smelling an odor.

Sometimes, hallucinations are normal. For example, hearing the voice of or briefly seeing a loved one who recently died can be a part of the grieving process.

Causes

There are many causes of hallucinations, including:

• Being drunk or high, or coming down from such drugs like marijuana, LSD, cocaine (including crack), PCP, amphetamines, heroin, ketamine, and alcohol
• Delirium or dementia (visual hallucinations are most common)
• Epilepsy that involves a part of the brain called the temporal lobe (odor hallucinations are most common)
• Fever, especially in children and the older people
• Narcolepsy (disorder that causes a person to fall into periods of deep sleep)
• Mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and psychotic depression
• Sensory problem, such as blindness or deafness
• Severe illness, including liver failure, kidney failure, HIV/AIDS, and brain cancer

When to Contact a Medical Professional

A person who begins to hallucinate and is detached from reality should get checked by a health care professional right away. Many medical and mental conditions that can cause hallucinations may quickly become emergencies. The person should not be left alone.

Contact your health care provider, go to the emergency room, or call 911 or the local emergency number.

A person who smells odors that are not there should also be evaluated by a provider. These hallucinations may be caused by medical conditions such as epilepsy and Parkinson disease.

What to Expect at Your Office Visit

Your provider will do a physical examination and take a medical history. They will also ask you questions about your hallucinations. For example, how long the hallucinations have been happening, when they occur, or whether you have been taking medicines or using alcohol or illegal drugs.

Your provider may take a blood sample for testing.

Treatment depends on the cause of your hallucinations.

References

American Psychiatric Association website. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. In: American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013:87-122.

Freudenreich O, Brown HE, Holt DJ. Psychosis and schizophrenia. In: Stern TA, Fava M, Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, eds. Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 28.

Kelly MP, Shapshak D. Thought disorders. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 100.